While these systems differed aesthetically from their original counterparts, some could use the same cartridges as the original NES, while others could not, and had to release national versions of the games, such as Phantom System’s Gauntlet (fig. Dynacom advertised adaptors that would allow it to run original NES games as well as the Japanese famicom ones. Although it never achieved the success of its predecessor, Phantom System, the design was closer to the original NES, copying its gray color with details in red. 2) in 1989.ĭynacom’s Dynavision 2 console.
1), produced by Gradiente and released in 1988, and Dynacom’s Dynavision 2 (fig. famiclones 4) in Brazil, more notably the Phantom System (fig. 3 This policy resulted in the release of several NES rip-offs (a.k.a. The PNI law, ratified on October 29, 1984, determined that in order to compete with foreign companies, particularly those in technology, certain products could be reproduced in Brazil by national companies using the same technology as their original counterparts abroad. Since Brazilian companies lacked the know-how to develop their own console parts, and an entirely national console production was therefore not possible, other means had to be implemented so the video game industry could flourish in the country.Ĭonsidering the technological and manufacturing limitations Brazil faced, a set of protectionist laws, more specifically the Política Nacional de Informática (PNI, National Policy of Informatics), triggered a wave of changes that brought to life some of the most interesting cultural hybrids the gaming industry has ever seen. 2 On top of that, foreign companies could not sell their products in Brazil. As Emmanoel Ferreira explains, the Brazilian government, in an attempt to support electronics production and safeguard the national industry, imposed heavy restrictions on the imports of electronic components, particularly those in informatics. The country was facing one of its worst economic crises, and national industry was heavily affected. 1 The oil crisis of 1973 and the energy crisis of 1979 resulted in Brazil becoming one of the most indebted countries in the world, with a total debt of roughly US$92 billion (equivalent to nearly US$300 billion in 2021). By 1985, Brazil had been under a dictatorship for twenty-one years, and the so-called Brazilian miracle ( milagre econômico brasileiro) between 19 was over, leaving behind long-lasting consequences for the Brazilian economy. Bridges, railroads, factories, steel mills, and highways were built all over the country. The Brazilian dictatorship started officially in 1964, and during its first decade, the military government focused on a nationalist agenda, pursuing infrastructure development and anticommunist ideas. If in the early eighties the video game market was booming in the US, mostly due to the release of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), in Brazil it lagged, since the economic crises of the 1970s and 1980s made imports highly inaccessible. Further, in the 1980s in Brazil a combination of events occurred that triggered the production of cultural hybrids in the gaming industry, which had not happened before, nor has ever since. With the expansion of the home console market in the early 1980s, and the video game industry becoming a huge market in the US and abroad, circumstances changed.
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Software and hardware production was a novelty, and legislation for it was still in its infancy. However, beginning with the first generation of video games in the 1970s, there was little to no relationship between national policies and video game production. Narratives range from Greek mythology to futuristic sci-fi settings, espionage, military operations, even sociological and human phenomena such as politics and sexuality. Software produced today has achieved life-like similarities, with graphics and screen resolutions matching those of cinema theaters. The video game industry has become an important aspect of global culture in the early years of the twenty-first century, and video games are played by billions of people around the world.
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